Hand written notes Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines (Common to Civil & Mechanical).pdf

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UNIT - I
Introduction to Fluid Statics
Distinction between a fluid and a solid - characteristics of fluids - Fluid Pressure: Pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, pressure variation with temperature, density and altitude. Piezometer, U-Tube Manometer, Single Column Manometer, U Tube Differential Manometer. pressure gauges, Hydrostatic pressure and force: horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces. Buoyancy and stability of floating bodies.
UNIT - II
Fluid kinematics and Dynamics
Classification of fluid flow - Stream line, path line, streak line and stream tube; stream function, velocity potential function. One, two and three - dimensional continuity equations in Cartesian coordinates.
Fluid Dynamics: Surface and body forces; Equations of motion - Euler’s equation; Bernoulli’s equation – derivation; Energy Principle; Practical applications of Bernoulli’s equation: Venturimeter, orifice meter and Pitot tube; Momentum principle; Forces exerted by fluid flow on pipe bend; Vortex Flow – Free and Forced; Definitions of Reynolds Number, Froude Number, Mach Number, Weber Number and Euler Number
UNIT - III
Analysis Of Pipe Flow
Energy losses in pipelines; Darcy – Weisbach equation; Minor losses in pipelines; Hydraulic Grade Line and Total Energy Line; Concept of equivalent length – Pipes in Parallel and Series. Laminar Flow- Laminar flow through: circular pipes, annulus and parallel plates. Stoke’s law, Measurement of viscosity. Reynolds experiment, Transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Resistance to flow of fluid in smooth and rough pipes-Moody’s diagram – Introduction to boundary layer theory.
UNIT - IV
Flow in Open Channels
Open Channel Flow-Comparison between open channel flow and pipe flow, geometrical parameters of a channel, classification of open channels, classification of open channel flow, Velocity Distribution of channel section. Uniform Flow-Continuity Equation, Energy Equation and Momentum Equation, Characteristics of uniform flow, Chezy’s formula, Manning’s formula. Computation of Uniform flow.Specific energy, critical flow, discharge curve, Specific force, Specific depth, and Critical depth. Measurement of Discharge and Velocity – Broad Crested Weir. Gradually Varied FlowDynamic Equation of Gradually Varied Flow. Hydraulic Jump and classification - Elements and characteristics- Energy dissipation.
UNIT - V
Hydraulic Machines
Impact of Jets- Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat, inclined and curved vanes - velocity triangles at inlet and outlet - Work done and efficiency - Hydraulic Turbines: Classification of turbines; pelton wheel and its design. Francis turbine and its design - efficiency - Draft tube: theory - characteristic curves of hydraulic turbines - Cavitation - Working principles of a centrifugal pump, work done by impeller; heads, losses and efficiencies; minimum starting speed; Priming; specific speed; limitation of suction lift, net positive suction head (NPSH); Performance and characteristic curves; Cavi